(ethanol, wine alcohol) is an organic compound, a representative of a number of one-naochemical alcohols of the composition with 2N 5) (abbreviated ETOH). For conventional conditions It is a colorless flammable liquid. According to the National Standard of Ukraine DSTU 4221: 2003 Ethanol is a toxic substance to a narcotic action, according to the degree of impact on the human body refers to the fourth class of hazardous substances. It has carcinogenic properties.
Ethanol is the main active component of alcoholic beverages, which are commonly manufactured by the fermentation of carbohydrates. For industrial needs, ethyl alcohol is often synthesized with oil and gas raw materials with catalytic hydration of ethylene. In addition to manufacturing food products Ethanol is applied in large quantities as a fuel, solvent, antiseptic and as raw materials for obtaining other industrial substances.
History
Ethanol was used by mankind since ancient times. He played the role of an integral part of drinks, medicines, like sedative and aphrodisiac, and also took place in the holding of religious rites.
IN Ancient Egypt It was mined fermentation of vegetable raw materials. In this way, only a diluted alcohol solution was obtained. In order to increase the concentration in China, the distillation method was invented. According to painting on Chinese ceramics, drinks from a fermented mixture of rice, fruits and honey were made 9,000 years ago. At about the same time, in the Middle East, the alcohol was obtained from grapes and barley, as evidenced by the records on the clay plate in the interfluve.
In the Middle Ages, ethyl alcohol played the role of the basis for the preparation of numerous drugs and tinctures. Alchemists always used ethanol in their works, giving him the name of the lat. Aqua Vitae, i.e live water.
Pure ethanol for the first time received in 1796 by Russian-German chemist Tovi Egorovich Lovitz. According to the description of the leading scientist of that time Antoine Laurent Lavoise, the compound under study consisted of chemical elements of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. In 1808, the Swiss biochemist Nicolas Theodore de Sosurhr established the chemical formula of ethanol, and the fifty years later, Scottish Chemist Archibald Scott Cooper offered his structure.
The first synthetic method of obtaining ethylene developed independently of the English chemist Henry Genel and French Pharmacist Georges Simon Serilla in 1826. And in 1828, the English physicist and chemist Michael Faraday received ethanol by catalytic hydration ethen, a by-product of oil and gas refining. This method is based on many methods that are used in the production of ethanol to this day.
structure
Both carbon atoms in the ethanol molecule, including an atom associated with a hydroxyl group, are in a state of SP 3-hybridization. The distance C-C is 1.512 angstroms.
Depending on the position of the hydroxyl group with respect to the other part of the molecule, distinguish gosh - (Fr. Gauche) and trans-forms.Trans-form It is characterized by the connection position of the O-H hydroxyl group in one plane with C-C bond and one of the C-H connections. IN gosh -Form the hydrogen atom in the hydroxyl group is facing. Dipole moment for gosh form is 1.68 D, and for trans-forms - 1.44 D.
Distribution in nature
Ethanol is a product of the vital activity of some fungi. Among them are the mains are genus Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, as well as Kluyveromyces. One of the most famous representatives of these classes is the view. Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, which has trivial name beer yeast. Other common types include Saccharomyces Pastorianus, Saccharomyces AnaMensis, Schizosacharomyces Pombe, Candida Utilis the like. Ethanol also form some bacteria, for example, Zymomonas Mobilis.
In 1975, astronomers reported on finding significant ethanol clusters in gas-dust cloud Sagittarius B2. According to the calculations of scientists, the number of ethanol molecules existing there significantly exceeds the number of alcohol obtained in the entire history of mankind. Found ethanol had trans-form molecules, and in 1996 it was fixed in gosh -Form.
Among the possible ways of formation of ethanol in the interstellar medium are given, in particular, its synthesis of methane and methyl cation under the action of radiation:
Another potential method is the interaction of methyl cation with formaldehyde, which is also distributed in space:
physical properties
Ethanol is a colorless liquid with a weak "alcoholic" smell. He is volatile and flammable. Mixed in any proportions with water, ether, acetone, benzene. Ethyl alcohol is a good solvent for many organic, as well as inorganic substances.
With water forms azeotropic mixture: 95.6% alcohol and 4.4% water. Anhydrous ethanol is slightly hygroscopic: to achieve stability it is able to absorb 0.3-0.4% water.
obtaining
hydration ethylene
To obtain ethanol from ethylene there are two main paths. Historically, the method of indirect hydration was the first to be invented in 1930 by the company "Union Carbide". The other, developed in the 1970s, was designed as a softless method (refusal to use sulfuric acid).
indirect hydration
Obtaining ethanol from ethylene using sulfuric acid occurs in three stages. First, ethylene is absorbed by concentrated acid, forming Etyl sulfate or diethyl sulfate:
The absorption is carried out by a 95-98% acid solution at 80 ° C and a pressure of 1.3-1.5 MPa. This interaction is exothermic, therefore the walls of the reactor must have cooling. The presence in the acid solution of intyl sulfate makes it possible to significantly increase the absorption rate, since the solubility of ethylene in intylsulfati is significantly higher than in pure acid.
In the second stage, the obtained reaction products are tested hydrolysis and decompose with alcohol and acid formation. However, the interaction of two basic esters is turned off, which leads to the formation of the third, diethyl:
After treating sulfuric acid with, ethyl and diethyl sulfate are absorbed in sufficient water, the solution acquires a concentration of about 50-60%. Hydrolysis products are sent to columns for separation: diluted acid remain at the bottom of the tank, and the mixture is mounted to the top of the alcohol-ethere. The target mixture was washed with water or diluted sodium hydroxide solution, and then purified by distillation.
The final step is to restore the concentration of dilute acid. This stage is one of the most expensive in all synthesis. With the help of a system of acid evaporators, it is possible to raise the acid concentration to 90%. An increase in this indicator to the required 98% is carried out by mixing with oleum (concentration of 103%).
A serious problem for the method of indirect hydration is the formation of carbonaceous substances that have a significant effect on its concentration. The use of concentrated acid also causes corrosion on the equipment, so some parts of the equipment are made of silicon, tantalum alloys, lead, etc.
direct hydration
Synthesis according to the direct hydration scheme is carried out using catalysts. There are two forms of interaction:
- with a solid or liquid catalyst contact gaseous reagents (gas phase process)
- with a solid or liquid catalyst contact both liquid and gaseous reagents (Zimichanne phase process).
Ethanol is synthesized mainly at the gas phase process. The output ethylene and water are passed above the coal catalyst, saturated orthophosphoric acid:
At normal temperatures, only a small amount of ethanol may be in the gas phase, and an increase in temperature will reduce its concentration. It is possible to align the balance of the reaction by applying the principle of league - Brown, - increasing the pressure in the reaction mixture and reduce the number of molecules in the system. Optimal conditions for the interaction is Temperatura 250-300 ° C and pressure 6.1-7.1 MPa.
The reaction product may be subject to intermolecular dehydration, which leads to the formation of diethyl ether:
In case of carbohydrate raw materials, acetylene is contained, it is hydrated to ethannel:
The presence of ethannel is undesirable, since a crotonic aldehyde is formed from it, which negatively affects the quality of ethanol, even in the amount of millions of parts:
getting fermentation
Ethanol production by fermentation (fermentation) of sugar substances is the oldest. It can use any product containing sugar or substances from which it can be obtained (for example, starch). As sugar-containing products, fruit and cane sugar, sugar beets, a molasses are used, and the starch-containing potatoes, wheat grains, rye, corn. It is also used as raw materials of cellulose (from the waste of agriculture, pulp and paper industry, etc.).
Extraction from starch and sugar
To convert starch in sugar substances, it is first subjected to hydrolysis. For this purpose, raw materials (loss of potatoes or flour) brew hot waterTo speed up the swelling of starch. The enzyme is added to raw materials, under the influence of which the starch is obscured, that is, turning it into glucose.
Diastases contained in sprouted grains, or other amylases of fungal origin are used as an enzyme.
The second stage, which is similar to and to obtain alcohol from sugars, is anaerobic fermentation, that is, the conversion to alcohol and carbon dioxide:
Here the reaction occurs under the action of microorganisms: mushrooms (yeast) or bacteria.
Among the existing place used in the process of yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae. (so-called beer yeast). When they are used, the acidity of the medium and temperature are important - they affect the growth of yeast, the yield of ethanol, the formation of by-products and contamination by bacteria. Typically, such fermentation in industrial production is carried out by pH 4-6. When the pH is less than 5, the growth of bacteria in the medium is strongly suppressed; For the growth of yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae. Acidity should be maintained in a period of 2.4-8.6 with an optimal value of 4.5, and the fermentation process has a greater intensity in the range of 3.5-6.
Most yeast used in ethanol production have an optimal temperature for growth of about 39-40 ° C, and the maximum value is observed in mind Kluyveromyces marxianus. - 49 ° C. Since the fermentation process is exothermic (with 1 g of absorbed glucose, 586 J heat is distinguished), using yeast with higher optimal temperature Growth allows you to save money on the cooling of the reaction system. An important point is the supply of insignificant amounts of oxygen for the synthesis of yeast of unsaturated fatty acids and ergosterol, which contribute to their growth and good permeability of cells. In the absence of oxygen, the lack of acids and the sterol will entail the changes in the physiology of yeast after several generations.
Also in the synthesis of ethanol, bacteria are used, in particular, common Zymomonas Mobilis, which have a greater growth rate, high yield of the final product and do not depend on the supply of oxygen.
Extract from cellulose
Both cellulose and starch is polysaccharides, carbohydrate polymers, but the synthesis of ethanol of cellulose is much heavier due to its low tendency to hydrolysis. Its structure is more like a crystalline, which complicates the breaking of the bonds inside the polymer, and in plants it protects it from the hydrolytic decay of the lignin layer (after treatment with acid, only 15% of the entire mass is hydrolyzed). The raw materials are also contained hemicellulose, which consists mainly of pentosis.
Preoperative treatment includes grinding, soaking the starting raw materials for swelling. Subsequently, it is heated in autoclaves with 0.3-0.5% acid under pressure 7-10 atm. As an acid, the sulfur is most often used, less often - salt. At the end of the process, the acid is concentrated in a separate reservoir and allowed again into production, and the lignin is filtered off and cleaned with flushing.
Ethyl alcohol obtained in this way is called hydrolysis. It is used only for technical purposes, because it contains a number of harmful impurities, including methyl alcohol, acetone, etc.
Also, in contrast to acid hydrolysis, applied enzymatic method. Here hydrolysis occurs under the action of mushrooms like Trichoderma Viride. Preliminary processing Includes the elimination of the lignin shell by the solvent of the koxen (solution with a 5-7% cadmium oxide content and 28% ethylenediamine) and treatment with liquid ammonia under high pressure, which excites fibers in cellulose, facilitating the penetration of enzymes. In some cases, it is possible to achieve one hundred percent recycling of cellulose.
other methods
Hydrolysis of halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons
Ethanol is formed during the hydrolysis of the halogen-coated ethane. It is carried out in water or in an aqueous alkalis solution. In the first case, the reaction is reverse, and in the second, elimination (cleavage) can occur (cleavage) hydrogenhagoide:
Synthesis gas conversion
The extraction of ethanol from synthesis gas is similar to the method of obtaining methanol behind the Fisher process - Tropsch:
The reaction occurs at a temperature of 125-175 ° C and a pressure of 1.42 MPa using a catalyst of the type of powder iron.
Restoration of organic compounds
The reduction of aldehydes and acids is a fairly common method of obtaining alcohols, including ethanol:
Catalytic recovery to walked over the nickel Renae, platinum; in laboratory conditions Lithium aluminum and borohydride sodium aluminum hydride.
purification of ethanol
Synthesized ethanol is usually a water-alcohol mixture. Its purification and dehydration begins with distillation (rectification), which can reach a concentration of 95.6% vol. The mixture is formed is azeotropic and cannot be cleaned by subsequent distillation. For additional dehydration, benzene, cyclohexane or heptane are used. Their presence creates new azeotropic mixtures with low boiling point, which allows to obtain anhydrous ethanol.
On an industrial scale for dehydration, molecular sieve, whose pores permeable for water molecules can be used, but not for ethanol. Such sieves may be artificial or zeolites of natural origin (for example, clinoptylite). 75% of adsorbed molecules is water, the remaining 25% is ethanol, which then returns to the distillation system again.
A membrane method is also applied, which is a separation of a semi-permeable membrane with a semi-permeable membrane, which does not miss ethanol. This operation is performed under the action of pressure of less than 1 kPa. As a result of the separation, ethanol is formed with a concentration of 99.85% and the solution passed through the membrane with a concentration of 23%. Condensed membrane solution may be recticed again.
Ethanol classification
The resulting alcohol in its composition is conventionally divided into four classes:
- industrial ethanol (96.5% vol.) - Product for industrial and technical use: as a solvent, fuel, etc. To prevent its use, it usually add substances with an unpleasant odor, for example, pyridine in an amount of 0.5-1% (spend denaturation). Also, for easier definition, it can have a weak color of methyl purple;
- the denatured alcohol is a technical product with an ethanol concentration of 88% vol., which is a significant amount of impurities. It is denatured and painted accordingly. Used in lighting and heating;
- high-quality alcohol (96.0-96.5%) - purified ethanol, used for the needs of pharmaceuticals, in the manufacture of cosmetics for food consumption;
- absolute ethanol (99.7-99.8% vol.) - Very pure ethanol, is used in pharmaceutical, the manufacture of aerosols.
In Ukraine, the brands of the obtained rectified ethanol are governed by the standard DSTU 4221: 2003 "Ethyl alcohol rectified". Depending on the degree of purification, four varieties are distinguished: "Wheat tear", "Suite", "Extra" and "Higher Cleaning".
| indicator | "Wheat tear" | "Suite" | "Extra" | "Higher Cleaning" |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The volume fraction of ethyl alcohol, at a temperature of 20 ° C,%, not less | 96,3 | 96,3 | 96,3 | 96,0 |
| Mass concentration of aldehydes, recalculate to acetic aldehyde in anhydrous alcohol, mg / dm³, no more | 2,0 | 2,0 | 2,0 | 2,0 |
| Mass concentration of seawaneous oil: propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl and isoamyl alcohols in terms of a mixture of propyl, isobutyl and isoamyl alcohols (3: 1: 1) in anhydrous alcohol, mg / dm³, not more than | 2,0 | 2,0 | 2,0 | 2,0 |
| Mass concentration of the seawous oil in terms of a mixture of isobutyl and isoamyl alcohols (1: 1) in anhydrous alcohol, mg / dm³, not more than | 2,0 | 2,0 | 2,0 | 2,0 |
| Mass concentration of esters, in terms of acetic ether in anhydrous alcohol, mg / dm³, no more | 1,5 | 2,0 | 3,0 | 5,0 |
| The volume fraction of methyl alcohol in terms of anhydrous alcohol,%, no more | 0,005 | 0,01 | 0,02 | 0,03 |
| Mass concentration of free acids (without CO2), in terms of acetic acid in anhydrous alcohol, mg / dm³, no more | 8,0 | 8,0 | 12,0 | 15,0 |
chemical properties
Ethanol is a single-name primary alcohol and a hydroxyl group leads most of its chemical properties. Thus, ethanol can take a part in dehydration reactions - both invertersolomolecular and intermolecular:
When interacting with other alcohols, a mixture of three ether is formed:
With carboxylic acids, ethanol in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid forms esters:
As a result of the addition of ethanol to acetylene, vinylitilii was synthesized:
Manifesting its acidic properties, ethanol reacts with alkaline metals (for example, sodium) and alkalis to form ethoxide:
This reaction is carried out in anhydrous medium, since the hydroxide is formed faster than ethoxide.
Less active metals - aluminum and magnesium - also interact with ethanol, but only in the presence of mercury catalyst:
The hydroxyl group available in the molecule can be replaced by halide acids with the formation of halogen derivatives of ethane:
Ethanol is oxidized to ethannel, and then in acetic acid, the result of complete oxidation (for example, the combustion of ethanol) is carbon dioxide and water:
Processing ethanol ammonia at 300 ° C in an acidic medium, amines are formed: primary, secondary, tertiary or even quaternary ammonium salts (depending on the ratio of reagents):
Ethanol is a raw material for butadiene synthesis. The reaction is carried out at a temperature of 370-390 ° C and in the presence of catalysts - MGO-SiO 2 or Al 2 O 3 -Sio 2 (with selectivity 70%):
biological action
metabolism
Almost all the consumed alcohol (90-98%) is metabolized by the body and only a small part of it (2-10%) is excreted unchanged: with urine, air, then saliva. Ethanol consumption leads to excessive urination: every 10 g of alcohol contributes to a loss of 100 ml of liquid, does not contribute to the removal of alcohol from the body. The main part of the ethanol entered into the body falls into the liver, where the biological transformation is experiencing in microsomes.
At the first stage of metabolism from ethanol, acetaldehyde is formed. This occurs under the action of alcoholdhydrogenase (ADG) - enzyme, the cofactor of which is nicotinamide (above). Subsequently, acetaldehyde formed from ethanol is oxidized to acetate in the mitochondria of the Aldehydheidhegerenaz enzymes, which as a coenzyme uses above, which connecting the proton is restored to over · n. At this stage, the interaction occurs much faster than on the previous one. Acetate enters the Krebs cycle, where it is destroyed to CO 2 and H 2 O. Aldehydhegerenase is detected not only in the liver, but also in other organs, including the brain. In an adult, a healthy person ADG destroys about 10 g of alcohol per hour.
In addition to the main metabolic process, ethanol is also oxidized by two other ways. One of them occurs with the participation of microsomal oxidases in combination with reduced phosphate (NADF), while the other - with the participation of catalase in combination with hydrogen peroxide. Both ways lead to the formation of toxic aldehyde, which has carcinogenic properties and to dozens of times toxic compared to ethanol.
Impact on the body
Finding into the body of a person through the esophagus, ethanol is quickly absorbed. In the stomach absorbs 20% of the initial ethanol, and in the small intestine - 80%. After the absorption, it enters the blood after 5 minutes, spreading to the bloodstream throughout the body.
Central nervous system. Ethanol inhibits the CNS functions like other anesthetics. Despite the widespread opinion, ethanol does not stimulate the effect of the nervous system: if the excitation and arise, their appearance is due to opposition to braking processes. In conventional doses, ethanol acts mainly on the activating function of the reticular formation of the stem portion of the brain and only large doses directly suppress the function of the cerebral cortex.
Chronic use of ethanol causes a shortage of serotonin. A functional decrease in the activity of this system prevents the development of tolerance and, on the contrary, an increase in its activity, the increase in serotonin levels accelerates the development of alcohol tolerance. Under the action of ethanol, the exchange of dopamine, which participates in the synthesis of norepinephrine and coordinates the movements, emotional and mental state. Ethanol also has a negative impact on physical and mental capabilities: it reduces visual sharpness and hearing, disrupts muscle coordination and stability, slows down the reaction time to irritation.
Respiratory system. Ethanol has a pronounced toxic effect on respiratory organs. The lung damage affects the development of bronchildrency infection due to a decrease in the protective functions of the body. The negative impact of alcohol is associated with the oppression of phagocytosis and the formation of antibodies, promoting the penetration of bacteria into the respiratory tract and the like. Bronchildren's pathologies can grow in the appearance of acute pneumonia, which has a significant percentage of deaths.
The cardiovascular system. Under the action of ethanol, lipids of cell membranes are dissolved, in particular, myocardial cells. As a result, the permeability of membranes increases and the exchange of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium ions is violated. It loosens the contractile ability of the heart muscle.
Digestive system. One-time reception leads acute hemorrhagic erosive gastritis; similar action ethanol and on the mucous membrane of the duodenum. After a minute, after entering the stomach, the rats of ethanol caused diffuse hyperemia of the gastric mucosa.
Liver. The degree of damage to the liver ethanol directly depends on the amount of alcohol consumed. As a result of his actions, steatosis, fibrosis, alcohol hepatitis and cirrhosis can appear, often ends with the development of hepatocolet carcinoma. So, according to the International Cancer Research Agency, Ethanol has a carcinogenic effect.
One of the results of a long exposure to ethanol is an increase in the volume of erythrocytes - macrocytosis caused by the toxic effect of acetaldehyde, a deficiency of folic acid and hyperlipidemia.
alcoholism
Ethanol is the basis of alcoholic beverages. Their long-term use causes alcoholism.
Alcoholism is a combination of phenomena characterizing the clinical picture of alcohol dependence (that is, ethanol-containing products). Among the symptoms and manifestations of such a dependence, the body's tolerance is to alcohol, physical dependence, cancellation syndrome when discontinued or reduce consumption, uncontrolled and time excessive consumption.
Almedy three stages of alcoholism progress:
- a person has no attraction to alcohol, there is a loss of control in consumption, the transition to systematic consumption, an increase in alcohol tolerance, there are initial disorders in the mental sphere;
- there is a physical dependence on the dimension of the measure, the formation of psychopath-like syndrome, violation of the activities of the body systems (cardiovascular, urogenital, respiratory) and organs (the appearance of gastritis, hepatitis)
- alcohol dependence is mental, there is a strong physical attraction as a manifestation of the cancellation syndrome, the appearance of hallucinations, irreversible damage to the internal organs (liver cirrhosis, heart disease, encephalopathy, etc.).
Effect on pregnancy
The risk of deviations in the development of the fetus is directly proportional to the number of alcohol consumed during pregnancy.
Ethanol easily penetrates through the placenta, so its content in the blood of the mother and the fetus quickly reaches the same level. It accumulates in the fabrics of the fetus, rich phospholipids, in the brain, as well as red blood cells. The removal of alcohol from the body is carried out with the help of liver enzymes, and in the future child it is formed only in the second half of the mother's pregnancy. The harmful effects of ethanol on the fruit is associated with the immaturity of the protective mechanism and the increased permeability of the vessels and the like. Of particular importance are critical periods of embryonic development, when the sensitivity of the embryo and the fetus to foreign substances reaches the maximum level. The toxic effect of ethanol is the cause of deceleration of development or even the death of the embryo.
Consumption by the mother of ethanol during pregnancy is associated with the advent of fetal (fruitful) teratogenic effects. The effect of alcohol is manifested in violation of the overall development of the fetus, the birth of a child with less than normal, body weight and growth, mental inferiority. In particular, the children affected by the teratogenic effect of ethanol, children have modified features of the face: narrow eye slots, a thin upper lip, the appearance of microcephaly and retrognacy, the absence of filter and various aurose anomalies. Physical modifications are complemented by the underdevelopment of the brain, a tendency to convulsive seizures, brain edema, poor coordination of movements, a decrease in intellect and congenital heart defects. This action of ethanol is called fetal alcoholic syndrome, FAS (or alcohol fetal syndrome).
Interaction with medical preparations
Ethanol has the ability to strengthen the effect of antibiotics, antihistamine preparations, barbiturates, muscle relaxants, as well as cause a negative reaction of the body.
| class of preparations | a drug | Type of interaction with ethanol, consequences |
|---|---|---|
| analgesic | aspirin acetaminophen | Aspirin increases the emptying of the stomach, which leads to the rapid sorption of alcohol in the small intestine, can slow the effect of alcohol dehydrogenase in the stomach. Ethanol enhances acetaminophen metabolism, the product of which is toxic substances that damage the liver. The appearance of reinforced heartbeat, stomach pain, stomach ulcers, |
| antibiotics | Erythromycin Isoniazid Ketoconazole Metronidazole | Erythromycin increases the emptying of the stomach, which leads to the rapid sorption of alcohol in the small intestine; Together with isoniazid, alcohol increases the risk of liver disease. Accompanied by headaches, nausea, sharp changes in blood pressure |
| antihistamines | DIMEDROL CLEMASTIN PROMETASIN | Ethanol enhances the effect of drugs on the central nervous system, causing the appearance of lethargy, the reduction of motility joint action is more affected by the elderly. |
| barbiturates | phenobarbital | The weakness of the body, dizziness, the risk of a convulsive attack. Chronic alcohol use increases the level of metabolism of cytochrome barbiturates R-450 |
| Singleepartments (benzodiazepines) | Diazepam Lorazepam Oxazepam | Ethanol enhances the effects of drugs on the central nervous system, causing the emergence of memory problems, lethargy, a reduction in motility, slowing down or difficulty breathing; |
| anti-inflammatory drugs | Diclofenac ibuprofen Naproxen | Ethanol consumption increases the risk of gastric bleeding, peptic ulcers |
| H2 receptor blockers | Nizatidin Ranitidin Cimetidin | Preparations suppress the action of alcohology dehydrogenase and contribute to the vipropane of the stomach, leading to elevated ethanol content in the blood. |
application
Ethanol has a wide range of applications, among which the production of alcoholic beverages, use as solvent, fuel, as well as the synthesis of other chemicals.
fuel
The first car, which was able to ride Ethanol, designed Henry Ford in 1920 - model Ford T. However, then this innovation did not receive the necessary development through technical and economic problems: the production of pure ethanol was too expensive, and the use of undersheent alcohol in the mixture with The hydrocarbon fuel was to a certain extent limited - at low temperatures insoluble in gasoline water freezed, the fuel tank is promoted.
Now, having technologies for the production of cheap ethanol, replacing traditional gasoline or diesel fuel ethanol, or using it as an additive, has acquired widespread in the world. The global production of ethanol for the needs of the fuel industry in 2014 amounted to 24750000000. Gallons.
solvent
Ethanol is the most important solvent after the water. Its main use is the production of cosmetics, perfumes, surfactants and disinfectants, pharmaceutical preparations, various coatings. For these purposes, ethanol is used both synthetic and enzymatic origin.
antiseptic
Ethanol is an ancient antiseptic, famous humanity. His ability to disinfect wounds was marked by an ancient Greek physician of Claudia Galen, and later and the medieval French surgeon Gi de Sholiak.
Ethanol exhibits bactericidal actions at a concentration of 30% and above, depending on the type of bacteria, water content and time. According to studies, the effect of ethanol is most effective at its concentration of 60-70% - both in the presence of water and in its absence. It is such an ethanol content of household antiseptics for hands. The use of high concentration (for example, 90% solution) for skin disinfection is impractical, since at such concentrations ethanol manifests its tubyl properties, while the antiseptic properties fall.
The principle of action of ethanol on microorganisms is likely to be the effects on their membranes and rapid denaturation of proteins, which leads to a violation of the metabolism of bacteria and further destruction of cells. Ethanol demonstrates high biocidal action against vegetative bacteria (including mycobacteriums), viruses, mushrooms, but not dispute.
Due to the lack of sporing actions, ethanol cannot be used for sterilization, but its properties are sufficient to prophylactic disinfection of surfaces, skin treatment, and the like.
Precipient nucleic acids
Ethanol is widely used in molecular biology for precipitation and concentrating DNA and RNA. It is used in conjunction with buffer solutions of salts containing simple single-charged cations (for example, sodium cations). Typical is the use of acetate buffer sodium concentration of 0.3 mol / l with pH 5.2 (at 4 ° C) and ethanol - absolute and 70% (at -20 ° C).
To precipitate nucleic acids, their sample is mixed with a buffer solution and an absolute ethanol and cooled at -20 ° C for an hour, after which is centrifuged. Separating a pipette with an extra liquid from the surface, add 70% ethanol solution and repeat the centrifugation and separation of the liquid. The residue is evaporated at a temperature of 37 ° C in a water bath and in this way the substance is concentrated.
antidote
Due to its ability to form ethers when interacting with alcohols, ethanol is used as an affordable antidote in poisoning with methanol, ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol. The organism ethanol is injected into or intravenously, and the dose for administration is calculated from considerations that its concentration should reach 10-15 mg / l.
The risk in the use of ethanol is to oppress the activities of the central nervous system, the appearance of hypoglycemia (due to the reduction of gluconeogenesis) and nausea. When administered intravenously, the appearance of phlebitis, hypertension, hyponatremia. The use of such an antidote requires constant monitoring of the content of ethanol in serum and glucose levels in venous blood.
Synthesis of other substances
In industry, ethanol is used to obtain ethannel, butadiene, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, ethylamine, and the like.
Video on the topic
Ethyl alcohol or wine is a widespread representative of alcohols. There are many substances, which, along with carbon and hydrogen, includes oxygen. From the number of oxygen-containing connections, first of all, the class of alcohols is interesting.
Ethanol
Physical properties of alcohol . Ethyl alcohol with 2 H 6 o is a colorless liquid with a peculiar smell, lighter than water (specific weight 0.8), boils at 78 °, 3, many inorganic and organic substances are well dissolved. Alcohol "Rectitis" contains 96% ethyl alcohol and 4% water.
The structure of the alcohol molecule .According to the valence of elements, the formula C 2 H 6 o corresponds to two structures:
To resolve the question of which formulas corresponds to the alcohol in reality, turn to the experience.
Let's place a piece of sodium into a test tube with alcohol. The reaction will immediately begin, accompanied by gas release. It is easy to establish that this gas is hydrogen.
Now we will put experience so that you can determine how many hydrogen atoms are released when reactions from each alcohol molecule. To do this, in a flask with small sodium pieces (Fig. 1) add a certain amount of alcohol drops from the funnel, for example 0.1 grams molecules (4.6 grams). Hydrogen released from alcohol displaces the water from the two-kite flask into the measuring cylinder. The volume of displaced water in the cylinder corresponds to the volume of hydrogen distinguished.
Fig.1. Quantitative experience of producing hydrogen from ethyl alcohol.
Since 0.1 grams of alcohol molecules were taken for experience, the hydrogen can be obtained (in terms of normal conditions) about 1.12 liter. This means that from gram-molecule of sodium alcohol displaces 11.2 liter. Half gram molecules, in other words, 1 gram-atom of hydrogen. Consequently, from each alcohol molecule, the sodium is supplanted only one hydrogen atom.
Obviously, in the alcohol molecule, this hydrogen atom is in a special position compared to the remaining five hydrogen atoms. Formula (1) does not explain to such a fact. According to it, all hydrogen atoms are equally connected with carbon atoms and, as we know, are not suppressed by the metal sodium (sodium is stored in a mixture of hydrocarbons - in kerosene). On the contrary, formula (2) reflects the presence of one atom located in a special position: it is connected to carbon through an oxygen atom. It can be concluded that it is this hydrogen atom that is associated with an oxygen atom less firmly; It turns out to be more mobile and displaced sodium. Consequently, the structural formula of ethyl alcohol:
Despite the greater mobility of the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl group compared to other hydrogen atoms, ethyl alcohol is not an electrolyte and does not dissociate into ions in an aqueous solution.
To emphasize that in the alcohol molecule contains a hydroxyl group - it, connected with a hydrocarbon radical, the molecular formula of ethyl alcohol is written as follows:
Chemical properties of alcohol . Above, we saw that ethyl alcohol reacts with sodium. Knowing the structure of alcohol, we can express this reaction by the equation:
The product of hydrogen substitution in alcohol sodium is called sodium ethics. It can be isolated after the reaction (by evaporation of excess alcohol) as a solid matter.
When igniting in air alcohol burns bluish, barely noticeable flame, highlighting a lot of heat:
If in the flask with the refrigerator heated ethyl alcohol with halogeneous hydrogen acid, for example, with NVG (or a mixture of NVG and H 2 SO 4, which gives bromine hydrogen bromide), then an oil liquid will be distilled off - ethyl bromide from 2 H 5 wg:
This reaction confirms the presence of a hydroxyl group in the alcohol molecule.
When heated with concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst, the alcohol is easily dehydrated, i.e., it cleans the water (de "prefix points to the separation of something):
This reaction is used to obtain ethylene in the laboratory. With a weaker heating of alcohol with sulfuric acid (not higher than 140 °), each water molecule is cleaved from two alcohol molecules, as a result of which diethyl ether is formed - flying easily flammable liquid:
Diethyl ether (sometimes called sulfur ether) is used as a solvent (fabric cleaning) and in medicine for anesthesia. He refers to class simple ethers - organic substances whose molecules consist of two hydrocarbon radicals connected by an oxygen atom: R - O - R1
Application of ethyl alcohol . Ethyl alcohol has a great practical value. Many ethyl alcohol is consumed to obtain a synthetic rubber according to the method of academician S. V. Lebedev. Passing ethyl alcohol pairs through a special catalyst, get divinyl:
which can then be polymerized in rubber.
Alcohol goes on the production of dyes, diethyl ether, various "fruit essences" and a number of other organic substances. Alcohol as a solvent is used for the manufacture of perfume products, many drugs. Dissolving in alcohol resin, prepare various varnishes. The high calorific value of the alcohol determines the use of it as a fuel (automotive fuel \u003d ethanol).
Obtaining ethyl alcohol . World alcohol production is measured by millions of tons per year.
A common method of obtaining alcohol is fermentation of sugar substances in the presence of yeast. Special substances are produced in these lower vegetable organisms (fungi) - enzymes that serve as biological catalysts for fermentation reaction.
As starting materials in the production of alcohol, seeds of cereals or potato tubers rich in starch are taken. Starch with malt containing the enzyme diastasis is first turned into sugar, which is then fermented in alcohol.
Scientists have worked a lot to replace the food raw materials to get alcohol with a cheaver non-schishchye raw material. These searches were crowned with success.
Recently, due to the fact that with the cracking of oil a lot of ethylene is formed, steel
The reaction of ethylene hydration (in the presence of sulfuric acid) was studied by A. M. Butlerov and V. Goryhinov (1873), which predicted its industrial significance. The method of direct hydration of ethylene by passing it into a mixture with water vapors over solid catalysts is also developed and implemented. Obtaining alcohol from ethylene is very economical, since ethylene is part of the gases of cracking oil and other industrial gases and, therefore, is a large-scale raw material.
Another method is based on the use of acetylene as an initial product. Acetylene is subjected to hydration for the Kucherov reaction, and the forming acetic aldehyde is catalyitically reduced by hydrogen in the presence of nickel into ethyl alcohol. The entire process of hydration of acetylene followed by the reduction of hydrogen on the nickel catalyst in ethyl alcohol can be represented by the scheme.
Homological series of alcohols
In addition to ethyl alcohol, other alcohols are known, similar to it in structure and properties. All of them can be considered as derivatives of the corresponding limit hydrocarbons, in molecules of which one hydrogen atom is replaced by a hydroxyl group:
Table
|
Hydrocarbons |
Alcohol |
Boiling point of alcohols in º C |
| Methane CH 4. | Methyl sn 3 he | 64,7 |
| Ethan C 2N 6 | Ethyl with 2N 5 he ILSN 3 - CH 2 - He | 78,3 |
| Propane with 3 H 8 | Propyl with 4 H 7 or CH 3 - CH 2 - CH 2 - it | 97,8 |
| Bhutan with 4 H 10 | Butyl with 4 n 9 he ILSN 3 - CH 2 - CH 2 - He | 117 |
Being similar in chemical properties and differing from each other in composition of molecules on a group of CH 2 atoms, these alcohols are a homologous series. Comparing the physical properties of alcohols, we are in this row, as well as in a row of hydrocarbons, we see the transition of quantitative changes to changes in high-quality. The total formula of alcohols of this series R is it (where R is a hydrocarbon radical).
Alcohol is known, in the molecules of which include several hydroxyl groups, for example:
Groups of atoms due to characteristic chemical properties compounds, i.e. their chemical function is called functional groups.
Alcohols are organic substances whose molecules contain one or more functional hydroxyl groups connected to a hydrocarbon radical .
In terms of its composition, alcohols differ from hydrocarbons corresponding to them by the number of carbon atoms, the presence of oxygen (for example, with 2 H 6 and C 2 H 6 O or C 2 H 5). Therefore, alcohols can be considered as products of partial oxidation of hydrocarbons.
Genetic connection between hydrocarbons and alcohols
It is quite difficult to produce direct oxidation of hydrocarbon in alcohol. It is almost easier to do it through the halogen production of hydrocarbons. For example, to obtain ethyl alcohol, based on the ethane with 2 H 6, you can first get bromide ethyl by reaction:
and then bromide ethyl turn into alcohol heating with water in the presence of a rubble:
At the same time, it is necessary to neutralize the formed hydrogen bromide and eliminate the possibility of reacting it with alcohol, i.e. Shift this reversible reaction to the right.
Similarly, methyl alcohol can be obtained according to the scheme:
Thus, hydrocarbons, their halogen derivatives and alcohols are among themselves in genetic communications (communication by origin).
Alcohol consumption is an urgent problem. Many people of our country are interested, is it possible to drink ethyl alcohol?
Almost any alcoholic beverage contains a given substance.
What is ethyl alcohol?
Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) is a colorless liquid with a sharp odor, whose chemical formula C2H5OH. It can be made of grain, potatoes or fruits by evaporation. Most often, manufacturers dilute a clean product with distilled water, obtaining a solution.
Ethyl alcohol is sold in pharmacies only by recipe for outdoor use. The pure product can be divorced not only by distilled water, but also other food components. The ability of alcohol to connect with water in any ratios makes it extremely attractive to the field of cooking and medicine. Ethanol has an impact on nervous cells, reducing the activities of the CNS. Depending on the quantity, concentration and time of consumption of alcohol, can cause a toxic or narcotic effect.
In order not to harm your health, you need to understand whether the ethyl alcohol is dangerous for a person? Eating ethanol in small doses can be useful. Alcohol 70% can be bought by prescription in the pharmacy. To level the taste of alcohol, it can be mixed with juice or other drinks.
A positive effect on the body is manifested as follows:
- Blood dilution and improved blood flow;
- Prevention of cardiovascular diseases;
- Improvement of the gastrointestinal operation;
- Anesthetic effect.
After taking the inside of this organic matter, the endorphine hormone is allocated. Due to the sedative impact, all processes are braked, and consciousness is suppressed. Even small doses of alcohol reduce the reaction, although it may not be noticeable for a person.
First symptom ethyl alcohol overdose It is strong excitability, then the inhibition of the nervous system and ultimately the sleeping effect. The consequences of constant use of alcohol in large quantities are disappointing:
- Oxygen starvation, microscopic kneading overalls, memory weakening;
- Low pain threshold;
- Coma;
- Poisoning;
- Loss of potency;
- Various heart diseases, vessels, liver, kidneys, stomach and other problems.
Due to the continuous use of ethanol, it can cause rampant drunkenness, as it has a strong physical and mental addiction.
Alcoholic beverages with ethyl alcohol
All drinks, as part of which more than 1.5% ethanol belong to alcohol products. Drugs are considered to be tincture on alcohol. Sanitary standards of the Russian Federation regulate certain requirements for alcohol. All products undergo mandatory certification, during which the safety and quality of the goods detect. The use of alcohol in reasonable limits does not harm the human body, and sometimes even welcomed.
Views of alcoholic beverages:
- A strong alcoholic beverage includes products with: vodka, brandy, tequila, brandy, liqueurs, balms and others.
- The average alcoholic beverages has an ethanol in the amount of from 9 -30%: beer, wine, champagne, PUNSH.
- Low alcohol drinks contain from 1.5 to 9% ethyl alcohol: beer, cocktails.
- Such beverages as kvass, non-alcoholic beer or kefir contain a natural ethyl alcohol, the amount of which varies from 1 to 3%.
Is it possible to drink alcohol?
Drinking ethyl 70 - percent alcohol can, but it can cause negative consequences in the form of rapid intoxication and strong poisoning. It is necessary to control the amount of drunk and not abused, since the presence of ethanol is more than 5 g / l in human blood leads to a fatal outcome.
Medical alcohol, as part of which 95% ethanol, should not be applied for internal use, since the substance is considered to be combustible and contains the largest alcohol. To reduce the risk of negative consequences, juice or other drinks. In this case, the percentage of ethanol will decrease, and the taste of alcohol will become less noticeable.
Ethyl alcohol is an excellent solvent for a variety of food additives and flavors, so it is widely used in the confectionery and bakery industry.
The use of ant alcohol inward is strictly contraindicated, as it can cause an irreversible lesion of the optic nerve and blindness.
You can drink only ethyl alcohol, eating methyl alcohol is extremely dangerous to health . Methanol is used in the chemical industry. It has a strong negative impact on the nervous system, vessels and heart. Eating in small quantities of 5 - 10 ml causes strongest poisoning. 70 - 80 ml lead to a decrease in vision by damping the retina of the eye and the visual nerve. Eating in large quantities provokes fatal outcome.
Alcohol need to drink slowly, I observe a certain measure. In addition, it is necessary to control the amount of divergent security. And also you should not sit behind the wheel, since the state of alcohol intoxication can not harm not only yourself, but also to the surrounding people.
ETHANOL (Synonym: Ethanol, hydroxyethane, alcohol, wine alcohol) is the most famous representative of alcohol class, which has a specific physiological effect on the human and animal organism. Ethyl alcohol is used in medicine as an antiseptic agent, used for rubbing and compresses, as a solvent in the preparation of liquid dosage forms and as a preserving agent in the manufacture of anatomical preparations (see. Anatomical preparations). In biochemical, clinical diagnostic, sanitary and hygienic laboratories and in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry, ethyl alcohol is one of the most used solvents and reagents. Like raw materials or auxiliary material Ethyl alcohol is used in more than 150 different industries, including in the food and paint industry, perfumery, in the production of powder, film and photoflinking, as well as raw materials to obtain a number of chemical products (for example, ethyl acetate, chloroform , ethyl ether). In some countries, ethyl alcohol is used as motor fuel.
Thanks to alcohol fermentation (see), carried out with microorganisms, the formation of ethyl alcohol from carbohydrates (see) is common in nature and in everyday life and from antiquity by man. In small quantities, ethyl alcohol is contained in natural waters, soil, precipitation, it is found in fresh leaves of plants, milk, animal fabrics. Traces of ethyl alcohol are found in brain tissue, muscles, human liver; In the blood of a person in the norm contains 0.03-0.04 ° / 00 alcohol.
Ethyl alcohol C2N5On - colorless hygroscopic liquid of burning taste, with characteristic (alcohol) smell; r ° boiling 78,39 °, T ° Ujl - 114,15 °, specific gravity (at 20 °) 0.789, refractive coefficient at 20 ° 1,3614. Ethyl alcohol lights easily and burns a glorified flame, the outbreak temperature is 14 °, the concentration limits of the explosability of ethyl alcohol in the air from 3 to 19 per%. The maximum permissible concentration of ethyl alcohol in the air of the working area is 1000 mg / m3. Like other alcohols (see), ethyl alcohol in liquid state is strongly associated due to the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. An ordinary ethyl alcohol is an azeotropic mixture (see azeotropic mixtures) with water (g ° of boiling 78,15 °) containing 95.57% ethanol, from which anhydrous, so-called absolute, alcohol is obtained. Ethyl alcohol also gives azeotropic mixtures with many organic liquids (benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, etc.). With water, alcohols, ethyl ether (see), glycerin (see), acetone (see) and many other solvents, ethyl alcohol is mixed in all relations (with water with heat release and decrease in volume). Ethyl alcohol dissolves many organic and some inorganic compounds, in laboratory practice it serves as one of the most frequently used solvents (see). With some inorganic salts (see), ethyl alcohol forms crystallosolvats, such as CAC12 4C2N5On, crystallosolvats are also formed with ethyl alcohol and individual organic compounds (see).
For ethyl alcohol, the chemical properties of primary alcohols are characteristic. When oxidizing or catalytic dehydrogenation, ethyl alcohol turns into acet-aldehyde (see aldehydes), and with more energetic oxidation - in acetic acid (see). Water cleavage from ethyl alcohol when heated in the presence of catalysts (sulfuric acid, aluminum oxide), depending on the conditions, leads to its conversion to ethylene or diethyl ether (see Ethyl ether). With carbon and inorganic acids or their derivatives, ethyl alcohol forms complex esters (see). This reaction is widely used for synthetic and analytical purposes. The exchange of hydroxyl group in an ethyl alcohol molecule to a halogen atom (C2H5On + NVG - C2H5VG + H20) leads to the formation of ethyl halides - substances used in organic synthesis. In the interaction of ethyl alcohol with halogens in an alkaline medium, the so-called haloofing splitting occurs: C2H5on + 4x2 + 6NaOH-CHH3 + HCOONA + 5NAX + 5N20, where X is chlorine, bromine or iodine. Haliform splitting is used to obtain chloroform (see) and ethyl alcohol detection (iodoform sample). With alkaline metals (see) Ethyl alcohol forms alcoholates (ethetics): C2H5on + Na -\u003e - * C2H5ONA + V2H2. The chlorination of ethyl alcohol is obtained by trichloroacetaldehyde (chlororal): CH3CN2On + 4C12 -\u003e -\u003e CC13CHO + 5NC1.
The traditional method of producing ethyl alcohol is to fermenting carbohydrate-containing raw materials (grains, potatoes, molasses). The total reaction of alcohol fermentation (C6H1206-\u003e -\u003e 2C2H5On + 2C02) comes with a high yield of ethyl alcohol (more than 90%) and consists of a series of stages with gradual glucose splitting (see) or fructose (see) to acetaldehyde, which is restored to ethyl alcohol. This reaction catalyzes yeast alcoholdehydrogenase (CF 1.1.99.8). The resulting dilute-solutions of ethyl alcohol are concentrated by distillation until alcohol-rectified alcohol (96-96.5 vol.% C2H5O). Starchy materials used to obtain ethyl alcohol, and Pre-sacrament to glucose of malt amylase (see amylases) and then ferment with yeast. Cellulose hydrolysis products are also used as carbohydrate raw materials (see) and its production waste (sulfite liquor). Ethyl alcohol obtained by fermentation of raw materials with a high content of pectin substances or lignin, as an impurity contains a noticeable amount of methyl alcohol (see).
The production of ethyl alcohol from ethylene is also of great importance: CH2 - CH2 + H20 + C2H5on (the reaction passes at elevated temperature and pressure and is catalyzed by sulfuric acid), as well as direct hydration of ethylene in the presence of acid catalysts; This method currently in most countries receive the main amount of ethyl alcohol.
In the human body, ethyl alcohol is oxidized to acetaldehyde (see UK-Susseldehyde): CH3CHN2On + Over + ^ CNN + over H + H +. This reaction is catalyzed by alcoholic dehydrogenase (CF 1.1.1.1) of the liver; This catalyst is the primary enzyme of ethyl alcohol metabolism. The resulting acetaldehyde is oxidized (mainly in the liver) to acetic acid, which, turning into acetyl-economy, is included in the metabolism (see cycle tricarboxylic acids).
An ethyl alcohol has a narcotic and toxic effect on the human body, causing the initiation initially, and then the sharp depression of the central nervous system (see alcohol intoxication). The systematic use of alcoholic beverages even in small doses leads to a violation of the most important functions of the body and the hardest damage to all organs and tissues, causes organic diseases of nervous and cardiovascular systems, liver, digestive tract, leads to moral and mental degradation of the individual (see alcoholism, alcoholism chronic).
The degree of damage, the different frequency and the rate of progression of the lesion of different organs depend on the dose and the frequency of alcohol intake with patients with alcoholism. The most characteristic signs of alcohol intoxication, especially at the stage of its exacerbation, is the presence of a so-called alcohol hyaline in hepatocytes and the accumulation of intermediate filaments in the cytoplasm of epithelial and mesenchymal cells in the morphological examination of the biopsytocytes (the latter is the morphological expression of protein exchange disorder). The violation of lipid metabolism during alcohol intoxication is manifested in the accumulation of inclusions of fat in the cytoplasm of cells of different organs. The most characteristic morphological manifestations of the so-called alcohol disease is the combination of signs of violation of protein and lipid exchanges, severe microcirculatory disorders in the form of a full-blooded blood vessels, the presence of plasmaragia and hemorrhages; In the exudate, polymorphic-nuclear leukocytes and macrophages with morphological signs of functional failure predominate, which confirms the state of the immune deficit in an alcoholic (see Immuno logical failure).
Methods of determination. The content of ethyl alcohol in water mixtures is determined by the density of solutions using special tables (alcoholometry). For chemical detection of ethyl alcohol, an iodoform sample is used, which, however, can be used only in the absence of substances, also forming iodoform (acetaldehyde, acetone, dairy and pyruogradic acids); The formation of ethyl ether benzoic acid C6H5CO2N5 recognized by the characteristic odor (it is necessary to bear in mind that methyl alcohol gives a similar sample), or the formation of an ethyl ether HS-nitro-benzoic acid N-02NC6H4C00C2H5, determined by the melting point (57 °); As well as a specific color reaction of acetaldehyde formed by the oxidation of ethyl alcohol, with secondary amines and nitroprusside sodium (Simon's sample). To determine ethyl alcohol, its easily obtained esters with characteristic melting temperatures (GS-nitrobenzoic acid, 3,5-dinit robless acid, etc.) are used. To quantify the content of ethyl alcohol in aqueous solutions, refractometry is also used (see) and the spectrum of photometry (see) based on Simon sample. Most modern chemical methods for determining ethyl alcohol in biological fluids are based on its oxidation and spectrophotometric measurement of the concentration of oxidation products or the titration of an unreacted oxidizing agent, most often the bichromate (see Tutrimetric analysis); From the analyzed samples, ethyl alcohol is pre-insulated with distillation or diffusion (the video method, etc.). The enzymatic methods for determining ethyl alcohol based on its oxidation of alcoholic dehydrogenase and spectrophotometry of the resulting HP, as well as the determination of ethyl alcohol using gas-liquid chromatography (see). These methods are applicable and to determine ethyl alcohol in exhaled air. The quantitative determination of ethyl alcohol in the blood and urine is a reliable indicator of intoxication by ethyl alcohol. To carry out the most accurate, specific and sensitive measurement of the concentration of ethyl alcohol using gas-liquid chromatography, 2-5 ml of blood or urine is sufficient. Other quantitative methods for determining ethanol are used to establish intoxicating ethyl alcohol, for example, the specimark method, a titrimetric method (titration of unreacted oxidizing agent), etc.
For the quantitative determination of ethyl alcohol from veins, 5-10 ml of blood are taken into a small tube (to edges) so that no air remains. The urine sample in the same volume is taken from the total amount of urine released into pure capacity. Treatment of skin, dishes and tools produce a non-violent antiseptic that does not contain ethyl alcohol. The material taken can be stored no more than 1 day, be sure to refrigerate.
High-quality samples for ethyl alcohol in suspected alcohol poisoning are preliminary and non-specific, so their results must be confirmed by the quantitative determination of ethyl alcohol. Pair of ethyl alcohol in exhaled air are detected 10-20 minutes after its reception and for 1.2-20 hours, depending on the fortress alcoholic beverage and adopted dose. Among the high-quality samples on ethyl alcohol, the most common sample on Mokhov and Schinkarenko using indicator tubes is the most common. Founded with both ends of glass tubes contain an orange-colored reagent - silica gel, treated with a solution of chromium anhydride in concentrated sulfuric acid. For sample, the ends of the tube are laid out, and the test for 20-30 seconds blows the air into the tube. Under the action of ethyl alcohol vapor, chromium ions are restored, and the orange color of the reagent changes to the green or blue. However, a positive result can also be obtained by action on the steam reagent of methyl alcohol, acetone (in patients with diabetes mellitus), ether and aldehydes. Pair of gasoline, acetic acid, dichloroethane, phenol paint the reagent into a dark brown color. Rapoport is less likely, a solution based on dissolution in the distilled water of ethyl alcohol contained in exhaled air, and the subsequent oxidation of potassium permanganate in the presence of sulfuric acid. In this case, there is a change in the color of the solution. This test is also not specific, since the positive result can be obtained when dissolved in water vapor ether, acetone, gasoline, hydrogen sulfide, methyl alcohol. To determine the presence of ethyl alcohol in the urine or cerebrospinal fluid, it is used to sample NIKLLA based on the change in the color of the fluid under study with orange to the green after the sequential addition of potassium crystalline permanganate and concentrated sulfuric acid.
The mechanism of toxic action of ethyl alcohol is associated with its selective lesion of the central nervous system, primarily the nerve cells of the cortex of large hemispheres (see alcohol intoxication). A number of substances enrolled in the body simultaneously with the ethyl alcohol of a barbituric row, tranquilizers, carbon monoxide, etc.), enhances its action. Substances that increase the primary exchange usually increase the speed of oxidation by ethyl alcohol in the body. These substances include adrenaline (see), insulin (see), thyroxine (see) and others. Some substances are direct antagonists of ethyl alcohol (fenamine, pervitin, etc.) and when entering the ethyl intoxication is significantly weakened. alcohol.
At the first stage of intoxication, ethyl alcohol accumulates in the blood, reaching a maximum on average after 1-1.2 (resorption phase). After a small period of diffuse equilibrium, the concentration of ethyl alcohol in the blood and other liquids, in organs and tissues, the content of alcohol in the blood is gradually decreasing, and at the same time its concentration increases (the elimination phase).
Examination to establish alcohol intoxication is made in the direction of law enforcement agencies, courts and administration of institutions. In the act of examination, anamnestic information should be indicated (preceding diseases and injuries, the frequency of ethyl alcohol, its tolerance, the time of the last alcohol, etc.), the data of the objective study - the Constitution and the weight (mass) of the body, the results of a clinical examination and psychotechnical tests, The results of high-quality samples on alcohol and the quantitative determination of ethyl alcohol in the blood and urine. The examination consists of two stages: medical examination, which is usually carried out by neuropathologists or psychiatricians, and chemical studies in order to detect ethyl alcohol in the body.
"Methodical instructions on the forensic medical diagnosis of death poisoning with ethyl alcohol and allowed with errors" M3 of the USSR (1974) The following estimated toxicological assessment of various concentrations of alcohol in the blood is recommended: less than 0.3% 0 - no effect of alcohol; from 0.3 to 0.5% 0 - a slight effect of alcohol; from 0.5 to 1.5% - light intoxication; from 1.5 to 2.5% - intoxication of the average degree; from 2.5 to 3% - severe intoxication; from 3 to 5% 0 - severe poisoning, death may occur; From 5% and above - deadly poisoning. The above estimate is applicable only for the resorption phase. In the elimination phase, the person who has adopted alcohol can be easier or harder mentioned above, so it is necessary to carry out a comparative assessment of the content of ethyl alcohol in the blood and urine.
The absence of ethyl alcohol in the blood and the presence in the urine indicate the fact of receiving ethyl alcohol, but does not allow to establish the degree of alcohol intoxication. When comparing the concentration of ethyl alcohol in the blood and urine, we can approximately determine the time of receiving alcohol.
The detection of ethyl alcohol with a forensic medical examination of the corpse is important for the diagnosis of fatal poisoning with ethyl alcohol and to establish the fact of alcohol intoxication before the onset of death. It is necessary to determine the concentration of ethyl alcohol in the corpse, collect anamnestic data, to establish the age of the deceased, to collect information about the circumstances of death, etc. The deadly dose is considered to be 200-300 ml of pure ethyl alcohol, but this dose varies depending on age, addiction to ethyl alcohol , health states, etc. For people who are familiar to alcohol, and chronic alcoholics fatal dose can be higher than several times. Death from ethyl alcohol poisoning is possible at any stage of alcohol intoxication. The average mortal concentration of ethyl alcohol in the blood is considered to be 3.5-5%, and the concentration above 5% is definitely deadly.
Ethyl alcohol poisoning aggravates the course of many diseases and can contribute to the onset of death. It is necessary to carry out a differential diagnosis of death from acute ethyl alcohol poisoning with death from the disease (more often than cardiovascular), which occurred in a state of acute alcohol intoxication. To establish acute ethyl alcohol poisoning as the cause of death should be approached with great care and in all cases this conclusion is carefully argued.
P. I. Novikov (1967) recommends to estimate the quantitative content of ethyl alcohol in the corpse for chemical research blood, urine, the contents of the stomach and cerebrospinal fluid. The ratio of the concentration of ethyl alcohol in these liquids makes it possible to approximately determine the stage of alcohol intoxication, the reception time of ethyl alcohol and the adopted dose. If the forensic medical examination is exposed not to the entire corpse, but only some of its parts, it is possible to determine the concentration of ethyl alcohol in the internal organs or in the muscles, followed by recalculation on the content of ethyl alcohol in the blood. It must be remembered that with a rotor decomposition in the corpse, the formation of ethyl alcohol occurs, the concentration of which can reach 0.5-1%.
Bibliogr.: Balyakin V. A. Toxicology and expertise of alcohol intoxication, M., 1962; Carrer P. Course of Organic Chemistry, Per. with him., p. 118, L., 1960; Kolkovski P. Colorimetric express method of semi-achemol-venous definition of ethyl alcohol, laboratory. Case, number 3, p. 17, 1982; Novikov P. I. Examination of alcohol intoxication on the corpse, M., 1967; Spiders V. S. and Ugrumumov A. I. PathologanAtomic diagnosis of alcoholism, arch. Patol., Vol. 47, in. 8, p. 74, 1985; Fabini Fabini R. and B E P and X T. Organic Analysis, Per. with him., p. 54, L., 1981; Guide to the forensic examination of poisoning, ed. R. V. Berezhny et al., P. 210, M., 1980; Serov V. V. and Lebedev S. P. Clinical morphology of alcoholism, arch. Patol., Vol. 47, in. 8, p. 3, 1985; Soldatenkov A. T. and Satinsky I. A. Methods for determining alcohol in biological fluids, laborate. case, number 11, p. 663, 1974; Stabikov V. H., R about Y T E R I. M., and prosyuk T. B. Ethyl alcohol, M., 1976; White A. and others. Basics of biochemistry, per. from English, vol. 2, p. 780, M.,
A. I. Tchochilin; R. V. Berezhnaya (court).
Hello, dear readers! The article disassemble propolis on alcohol - from which the folk remedy helps. We are talking about the treatment of a tincture of propolis, we give the instructions for the use of medicine inside and externally. You will learn about the preparation of this drug, using medical alcohol as the basis for tincture.
What kind of propolis does propolis on the human body:
- disinfection;
- destroys bacteria and microbes;
- eliminates the impact of toxic poisoning;
- removes inflammatory processes;
- protects skin surfaces with outdoor use;
- narrows vessels;
- has an antioxidant action;
- strengthens the immune system.
The most often propolis is used as a disinfectant - it destroys causative agents of infectious pathologies, destroys toxins.
Propolis kills bacteria and viruses, slows down their growth. The product of beekeeping is important for immunity - it not only treats the disease, but also increases the stability of the body, preventing the development of relapses and complications.
Propolis or bees glue saves all his beneficial features And in the alcohol tincture, adult patients can use it for internal admission, for the treatment of children is allowed to use the medicine externally.
More details about the beekeeping product you will learn from the article.
Ethanol Medical - Can I drink it
Ethanol Medical is allowed to use as the basis for medicinal tinctures. It can be drunk, but not in pure form. Before the preparation of drugs, alcohol is necessarily bred by water.
Ethanol Medical 95% is bred in proportion 2 to 3-500 ml bottle take 200 grams of medical alcohol and 300 grams of water. Grams are not accidentally shown - alcohol is properly mixed with water in weight ratios, and not in bulk.
How to make alcohol
In order to dilute medical alcohol correctly, take specially prepared water. Water should be colorless and transparent. For domestic production Alcohol tinctures are suitable distilled water or water that was cleaned in the filter. Do not use water from under the tap without pre-cleaning.
Water alcohol breeding table
Below is a table of breeding medical alcohol with water:
| Fortress of rash alcohol (1000 volumes),% | Water volume (in milliliters at 20 degrees), which is added to the divorce alcohol to obtain a solution of medical alcohol | ||||||||||||
| 30% | 35% | 40% | 45% | 50% | 55% | 60% | 65% | 70% | 75% | 80% | 85% | 90% | |
| 35 | 167 | ||||||||||||
| 40 | 335 | 144 | |||||||||||
| 45 | 505 | 290 | 127 | ||||||||||
| 50 | 674 | 436 | 255 | 114 | |||||||||
| 55 | 845 | 583 | 384 | 229 | 103 | ||||||||
| 60 | 1017 | 730 | 514 | 344 | 207 | 95 | |||||||
| 65 | 1189 | 878 | 644 | 460 | 311 | 190 | 88 | ||||||
| 70 | 1360 | 1027 | 774 | 577 | 417 | 285 | 175 | 81 | |||||
| 75 | 1535 | 1177 | 906 | 694 | 523 | 382 | 264 | 163 | 76 | ||||
| 80 | 1709 | 1327 | 1039 | 812 | 630 | 480 | 353 | 246 | 153 | 72 | |||
| 85 | 1884 | 1478 | 1172 | 932 | 738 | 578 | 443 | 329 | 231 | 144 | 68 | ||
| 90 | 2061 | 1630 | 1306 | 1052 | 847 | 677 | 535 | 414 | 310 | 218 | 138 | 65 | |
| 95 | 2239 | 1785 | 1443 | 1174 | 957 | 779 | 629 | 501 | 391 | 295 | 209 | 133 | 64 |
| Example: To dilute 1 l. 95% of alcohol to 40% to it add 1443 milliliters of water. | |||||||||||||
Tincture - Cooking
Below you will find detailed instructions for cooking tincture.
Preparation of ingredients
- Buy propolis at special honey fairs and at a permanent seller.
- If you are not sure as a product, then make it clean, putting propolis for 3 hours in the refrigerator.
- After getting it, soda on the grater and fill cold water. Wait until the product falls on the bottom, and the impurities will rise to the aqueous surface. 5 minutes later, drain the water and dried propolis.
- Dishes for cooking tincture - glass bottle of dark color.
- For the preparation of tincture, take 300 ml of medical alcohol and 80 grams of propolis. Instead of alcohol, it is permissible to use any vodka from the store, in which you are sure, with an increase in its volume up to 500 ml.
Mixing
After all the ingredients are ready, mix taking into account the required concentration.
Relation: 1 part of the bee product to 2 parts of medical alcohol.
If you need a tincture of big concentration, then reduce the number of alcohol.
Infusion
Shake the prepared mixture, block the lid and place in the dark room with room temperature for 2 weeks.
For all this time, time to periodically shake the bottle. Do it daily.
Filtration
After 14 days, profile the tincture. Take for this the usual clean gauze or any tissue.
After filtering, break the product into dark bottles.
Now the composition is ready to use.
The shelf life of the finished tincture is 3 years. But best do the tincture every year to be confident in its effectiveness.
Application of tincture - instruction
Propolis on alcohol - from which helps and what is treated with it with external use:
- external infectious processes;
- external inflammatory processes (ulcers in language, gums);
- bruises;
- stretching;
- frostbite;
- ranks;
- fungal skin lesions;
- dandruff, Seborida and Psoriasis.
For outdoor use, moisten the tincture of propolis cotton swab and attach to the affected area of \u200b\u200bthe skin or mucous membrane. To rinse the throat with a cold, spread the medicine with saline and purified water - on 1 teaspoon of propolis tincture 100 ml of water. The resulting agent can be buried in the nose and ears.
Propolis on alcohol - from which it helps with internal reception:
- colds;
- flu;
- insomnia;
- avitaminosis;
- stomach ulcer;
- diseases of the gallbladder and liver;
- hypertension.
The propolis tincture is also used to prevent colds, to improve the appetite, cleaning the body from toxins, to improve the work of the brain of the head and the circulatory system.
For inhalation
Treatment in inhalations by means of propolis, perform with a swivel, cold, colds, sore throat.
Instruction:
In 1 liter of boiling water, add 8 grams of the propolis tincture of high concentration. Remove the container from the plate, give water to cool a little, then cover the towel over the container, and inhale the pairs for 10 minutes.
Spend at least 2 procedures per day
With ulcers, gastritis, cold
Treatment of ulcers occurs in several ways:
- 15 Drops of tincture Run in 100 ml hot water. The prepared composition drink three times a day 10 minutes before meals. At will, instead of water, use milk, but in this case the volume of the fluid increases to 200 ml. Course: at least 12 days.
- Mix the tincture of S. butter At the rate of 1 to 10. Before mixing, heat the oil. The finished product must have a liquid shape. Take it three times a day 10 drops before meals. Course: 20 days.
With exacerbations of ulcers, treatment with folk remedies is best to discuss with their attending physician.
Gastritis treatment, using a 10% tincture, which prepare 100 ml of medical alcohol at a 10 grams of propolis.
Take the tincture inside, dosage - 40 drops diluted in a mug of cold tea or milk. This amount is divided into 3 receptions and drink an hour before meals.
Course duration: 10-14 days.
To eliminate colds, add 30 drops of tincture into milk, warm tea and drink three times a day.
Heart Diseases, Sugar Diabetes
For the treatment of diseases of cardio-vascular system Add a 20 drops of 20% of tincture into a glass of milk and drink before each meal.
Course: 3 weeks. For prevention, repeat every 3-4 months.
With a light degree of arterial hypertension, take 15 drops of tincture divorced in water or milk. In case of severe, increase the reception to 55 drops. Course: 3 weeks, drink 2 times a day.
In order to avoid complications in diabetes, eat daily tincture on propolis. Dosage: 30% tincture 6 times a day at 15 gr.
Course: For efficiency, take no less than 30 days.
Vision problems
To improve vision, use a product of 10% concentration, diluted in boiled water in a ratio of 1 to 6.
Cooked mortar corner 2 drops 3 times a day.
Learn more O. medical properties Propolis and recipes you can from the article.
Contraindications
Use a beekeeping product on alcohol is prohibited in the following cases:
- pregnancy;
- lactation;
- personal intolerance of beekeeping products.
In the event of an overdose, signs of heart rate failure may appear, blood pressure jumps, a tide of strength or an unbearable desire to fall asleep. With the appearances of these symptoms, immediately stop the reception of the tincture.
In addition, signs of overdose can be formed in the form of rashes, strong itching, edema and cough.
Alcohol tincture - reviews
Alevtina
Propolis tincture for me is a real find. Walled diseases always fly to her (not the flu is certainly, but an ordinary cold). I take inside and wrinkle throat. First used for treatment, but noticed that the resistance to diseases increases during its reception, so now I take it in the cold season for the prevention of ARVI and influenza. I think natural tools are much more efficient and more useful than tablets.
The preolis tincture saves me when the teeth hurt or stomatitis on the gums occurs, the tool perfectly disinfects and relieves inflammation, reduces pain. I really like to prepare the tincture yourself - this is the present treatment. I recommend before using the doctor, because it is also a medicine, and you need to take it right.
What to remember
- The tincture of propolis on alcohol - useful toolBut, like all folk remedies, it is necessary to apply it with caution.
- The effectiveness of the tincture depends on how it is properly cooked.
- Before use of tincture, it should be verified in the absence of an allergic reaction to beekeeping products.
